Islamic kingdom in Indonesia

There are many Muslims who have patterned empire ranging from Sumatra to the Moluccas.

1.      Perlak Kingdom

Perlak is the oldest Islamic kingdom in Indonesia. Perlak is a kingdom with a long reign. Kingdom which stands at 840 this year ended in 1292 due to join the Kingdom of Samudra Pasai. Since its inception until the merger with Samudrar Pasai Perlak, there are 19 people ruling king. The first king is Alaidin Saiyid Sultan Maulana Abdul Aziz Shah (225-249 AH / 840-964 AD). Sultan Abdul Aziz Saiyid real name on 1 Muhharam 225 H Perlak crowned the Sultan of the Kingdom. After this appointment, Bandar Perlak converted into Bandar Khalifah.

The kingdom was experiencing better period in the reign of Sultan Makhdum Alaidin Malik Muhammad Amin Shah II Johan Sovereign (H/1225-1263 622-662 AD).
In his reign, the Kingdom Perlak increased considerably, especially in the field of Islamic education and the expansion of Islamic da'wah. Sultan marry the two daughters: Princess Algae Sari (Princess Raihani) with Malikul Saleh Sultan of Samudra Pasai and Princess Rachel Kumala with King Tumasik (Singapore now).

Marriage is by Parameswara Iskandar Shah who then holds Sultan Muhammad Shah.
Makhdum Alaidin Sultan Malik Muhammad Amin Shah II was replaced by Johan Sovereign Makhdum Alaidin Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Malik Johan Sovereign (H/1263-1292 662-692 AD). This is the last sultan Perlak. After his death, together with the Royal Ocean Perlak Pasai with King Mohammed Malikul dhahir who is the Son of Prince Sultan Malikul Saleh with algae Sari.

Perlak is a kingdom that has been developed. This is evident from the existence of its own currency. Perlak currency found in gold (coin), silver (kupang), and from copper or brass.

2.      Ocean Kingdom Pasai

The kingdom was founded by Sultan Malik al-pious and at the same time as the first king in the 13th century. Kingdom of Pasai Ocean lies to the north in the area Lhok Semawe Perlak now (east coast of Aceh).

As a royal, king reigned alternated Pasai Ocean. Kings who once ruled Pasai Ocean is as follows.

a.       Sultan Malik al-righteous trying to lay the foundations of Islamic rule and sought to develop his kingdom among others through trade and strengthen the army. Pasai Ocean developed into a powerful maritime state in the Malacca Strait.

b.      Sultan Muhammad (Sultan Malik al Tahir I) who ruled from 1297-1326. In his reign the kingdom Perlak later united with the Kingdom of Samudra Pasai.

c.       Sultan Malik al Tahir II (1326-1348 AD). Raja Ahmad's real name is very firm hold on the teachings of Islam and Islamic broadcast into the surrounding lands. As a result, Ocean Pasai developed as a center for the spread of Islam. In his reign, Pasai Ocean has a strong fleet so that the traders feel safe transit and trade in the vicinity of Ocean Pasai. However, after emerging Kingdom of Malacca, Pasai Ocean began to fade. Pasai Ocean in 1522 was occupied by the Portuguese. The existence of Pasai Ocean as a maritime empire was replaced by the Kingdom of Aceh, which appeared later.

Another note about this kingdom can be known from the writings of Ibn Battuta, a traveler from Morocco. According to Battuta, in the year 1345, Ocean Pasai is a prosperous trading empire. Many traders from Java, China, and India who come there. This is considering the strategic location of Pasai Ocean at the Straits of Malacca. Currency deureuham disebur gold coins (dirhams).

In the field of religion, Ocean Pasai became the center of Islamic studies. The kingdom was broadcast Islam up to the Minangkabau, Jambi, Malacca, Java, and even to Thailand. From the Kingdom of Samudra Pasai cadres Islam is prepared to develop Islam into various regions. One of them is Fatahillah. He is the son Pasai who later became commander in Demak later became ruler in Banten.

3.      Kingdom of Aceh

The next Islamic kingdom is the kingdom of Aceh in Sumatra. Kingdom which was founded by Sultan Ibrahim, who holds Mughayat Ali Shah (1514-1528), became important because of the decline and the development of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai kingdom of Malacca. The traders then more often come to Aceh.

Central Aceh Kingdom government is on Kutaraja (Banda Acah now). The style of governance in Aceh consists of two systems: civil government under the nobility, called the group Teuku; and government on the basis of religion under the clergy, called the class of the Tengku or teungku.

As a kingdom, Aceh suffered the forward and backward. Aceh experienced rapid progress during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636). During his rule, Aceh reached the golden age. Aceh can even control of Johor, Pahang, Kedah, Perak on the Malay Peninsula and Indragiri, Bintan island, and Nias. In addition, the Iskandar Muda also compiled the laws of governance called the crown Indigenous Nature.

After the Sultan Iskandar Muda, no longer capable of controlling the sultan of Aceh. Aceh suffered a setback under the leadership of Sultan Iskandar Thani (1636-1641). He was later replaced by the queen, Prince Consort Sri Alam (1641-1675). History records Aceh increasingly weakened by disputes between groups and teungku Teuku, and between groups and Sunnah Shiite flow jama'ah sal. Finally, the Dutch managed to master Aceh in 1904.

In the social field, its strategic location at the central point of international trade routes in the Straits of Malacca makes Aceh increasingly crowded Muslim merchants. Assimilation occurs in both the social and economic fields. In public life, there was a mix of customs and religious teachings of Islam. At about the 16th century there were four people and 17 experts of Sufism in Aceh, namely Hamza Fansuri, Shamsuddin as-Sumtrani, Nur ad-Din ar-Raniri, and Abdurrauf of Singkil. The four clerics are very influential not only in Aceh but also in Java.

In economic life, Aceh is growing rapidly in its heyday. By controlling the west and east coast of Sumatra, Aceh became a kingdom rich in natural resources, such as rice, gold, silver and tin, and spices.

4.      Kingdom of Demak and the Kingdom Pajang with legacy

Demak is the first Islamic kingdom in Java. Kingdom which was established by Raden Patah was at first is a region with a name or Bintoro Glagah under Majapahit rule. Majapahit suffered a setback at the end of the 15th century. This setback provides an opportunity for Demak to develop into major cities and trade centers. With the help of the scholars Walisongo, Demak developed into a center spread of Islam in Java and eastern Indonesia.

As kingdoms, Demak ruled by successive kings. Demak was founded by Raden Patah (1500-1518) who holds the Sultan Alam Akhbar al-Fatah. Raden Patah Jimbun actually a prince, son of the king of Majapahit. In his reign, Demak growing rapidly. His territory includes the area own Demak, Semarang, Tegal, Jepara and surrounding areas, and quite influential in Palembang and Jambi on Sumatra, as well as some areas in Kalimantan. Because it has such important ports of Jepara, Tuban, Sedayu, Gresik, Raden Patah strengthen maritime fleet so Demak developed into a powerful maritime nation. With that strength, Demak tried to attack the Portuguese at that time master of Malacca. Demak Demak help Malacca as the importance of also disturbed by the presence of Portuguese in Malacca. However, the attack failed.

Raden Patah was replaced by Duke Unus (1518-1521). Although he did not reign long, but his name is well known as a brave warlord. He tried to stem the influence of Portuguese should not be extended to Java. Because die young, Duke Unus was replaced by his younger brother, Sultan Trenggono (1521-1546). Under his rule, Demak experience heyday. Trenggono managed to bring Demak expand his realm. In 1522, troops under the command of Fatahillah Demak attacked Banten, Sunda Kelapa, and Cirebon. New in 1527, Sunda Kelapa been won. In the attacks to Pasuruan in 1546, Sultan Trenggono fall. After the death of Sultan Trenggono, Demak into decline. Happened power struggle between Prince Sekar Sedolepen, brother of Sultan Trenggono who should be king and Sunan Prawoto, the eldest son of Sultan Trenggono. Sunan Prawoto then defeated by Aryan Penangsang, Sekar Sedolepen Pengeran child.

However, Arya Penangsang was later killed by Joko Tingkir, Sultan Trenggono-law who became Duke in Pajang. Joko Tingkir (1549-1587) who then hold the Sultan of Demak Kingdom Hadiwijaya move the center to the Display.
Kingdom became known as the Kingdom Pajang. Sultan Hadiwijaya then repay his aides who had been instrumental in the battle against the Aryan Penangsang. They are Ki Ageng archery accept gifts of land in the area of Mataram (Alas Mentaok), Ki Penjawi rewarded with territory in the area Pati, and both at once appointed as regent in their respective regions. Regent of Surabaya that many meritorious subject areas in East Java was appointed as a representative of the king with the power Sedayu, Gresik, Surabaya, and Panarukan.

When Sultan Hadiwijaya died, he was succeeded by his son Sultan Benowo. In his reign, Arya Pangiri, son of Sultan Prawoto rebellion. However, the uprising can be quenched by Prince Benowo with Sutawijaya assistance, foster child Sultan Hadiwijaya. Throwdown Royal Prince Benowo Pajang then submitted to the Sutawijaya. Sutawijaya Pajang then move to the center of Mataram Kingdom.

In the field of religion, Raden Patah and assisted by the guardian, Demak, emerged as the center spread of Islam. Raden Patah later built a magnificent mosque, the Mosque of Demak.

In the field of economy, Demak is a transit port (connector) that is important. As a trading center Demak has the important ports, such as Jepara, Tuban, Sedayu, Gresik. These ports to bridge the spice-producing areas and the buyers. Demak also has a large income from their agricultural products is quite large. As a result, the economy Demak degan growing rapidly.

5.      Kingdom of Mataram and legacy

Sutawijaya who gets blessed kingdom of Sutan Benowo Pajang then move the seat of government to the local authority of his father, Ki Ageng archery, in Mataram. Sutawijaya later became king of Mataram Kingdom with a degree Panembahan Alaga Sayidin Panatagama Senopati Ing.

Senopati Panembahan Government (1586-1601) did not go smoothly because characterized by rebellion. Kingdom, based in Kotagede (the southeastern city of Yogyakarta is now) is always a war to subdue the regents who want to break away from the power of Mataram, such as Regent Roxburgh, Madiun, Kediri, Pasuruan even Demak. However, all areas that can be subdued. The last area is mastered with the help of Sunan Giri Surabaya.

After Senopati died, his son Mas Jolang (1601-1613) ascended the throne and the title of Sultan Anyakrawati. He had mastered Kertosono, Kediri, and Mojoagung. He died in the fighting in the area Krapyak thus became known as Prince Sedo Krapyak.
Mas Mas Jolang later replaced by the stimuli (1613-1645). Who bear the title of King of Mataram Sultan Agung Alogo Ngabdurracham Senopati ing is then better known by the name of Sultan Agung. In his reign, Mataram reached the golden age. Central government moved to Plered. Territory covers Central Java, East Java, and part of West Java. Sultan Agung aspires to unify Java. Feeling as the successor to the kingdom of Demak, Sultan Agung Banten is considered part of the kingdom of Mataram. However, Banten would not submit to Mataram. Sultan Agung Banten then intend to seize.

However, the intention is hampered because there is mastering VOC Sunda Kelapa. VOC also do not like Mataram. As a result, Sultan Agung had to deal first with the VOC. Sultan Agung twice tried to attack the East India Company: 1628 and 1629.
The attacks were not successful, but to stem the influence of VOC in Java.
Sultan Agung of Mataram kingdom divided system of government as follows.

a.       Kutanegara, the central palace. Implementation of government held by Patih Lebet (Patih In) assisted Wedana Lebet (Wedana In).

b.      State Court, the area around Kutanegara. Implementation of government held Patih Jawi (Patih Outer) assisted Wedana Jawi (Wedana Outer).

c.       Worldwide, the area outside the State Court. Implementation of government held by the Regents.

d.      Coastal, coastal areas. Implementation of government held by the Regents or Syahbandar.

Sultan Agung died in 1645 and was replaced by Amangkurat I (1645-1677). Amangkurat I build a relationship with the Netherlands. During his reign. Mataram was attacked by Trunojaya of Madura, but can be defeated because of assisted Netherlands.
Amangkurat I then replaced by Amangkurat II (1677-1703). In his reign, the kingdom of Mataram narrowing due to be taken by the Dutch.

After Amangkurat II, the kings who ruled Mataram is no longer in power management for a very strong Dutch influence. Even in 1755, Mataram split into two due to Giyanti Agreement: Ngayogyakarta (Sultanate of Yogyakarta), based in Yogyakarta with the king who holds Mangkubumi Hamengkubuwono I and Kesuhunan based in Surakarta Surakarta with king Susuhunan Pakubuwono III. Thus, ended the kingdom of Mataram.

Socio-economic life of Mataram fairly advanced. As a large kingdom, Mataram forward almost in all sectors, agriculture, religion, culture. In the days of the Majapahit Kingdom, appear Javanist culture, blending native Javanese culture, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam, for example Grebeg ceremony, Sekaten. Famous work of literature is the work of Sultan Agung Ivory Literature. In 1633, Sultan Agung change calculations are based on the calculation of the Hindu year the sun with the Islamic year based on the calculation of the month.

6.      Banten Kingdom

Kingdom, located in western Java Island was originally a part of the Kingdom of Demak. Demak, Banten seized by troops under the command of Fatahillah. Fatahillah was the daughter of the Sharif Hidayatullah. Sharif Hidayatullah was one trustee who is empowered by the Kingdom of Demak to reign in Cirebon. Sharif Hidayatullah has 2 sons of men, prince and prince Pasarean Sabakingkin. Pasareaan ruling prince in Cirebon. In 1522, Prince Saba Kingkin who later better known as the King appointed Hasanuddin Banten.

After the Kingdom of Demak setback, Banten and then break away from Demak. Stand kingdom with its king, Sultan Hasanuddin Banten (1522-1570). In his reign, the influence of Banten to Lampung. That is, Bantenlah which controls the trade routes in the Sunda Strait. The traders from China, Persia, Gujarat, who came to Turkey many ports in Banten. Banten kingdom developed into a trading center because of its highly strategic addition, Banten is also supported by several factors of which fall into the hands of Portuguese Malacca (1511) so that the Muslim traders change lanes voyage through the Sunda Strait. Other factors, Banten is a producer of pepper and rice, which sells the commodity in the world market. Sultan Hasanuddin then replaced his son, Prince Joseph (1570-1580).

In his reign, Banten and Pakuan Pajajaran won. Prince Joseph was replaced by Maulana Muhammad. The king who holds this Banten Queen was just nine years old when he was appointed king. Therefore, in running the government, assisted by Maulana Muhammad Mangkubumi. In 1595, he led an expedition against Palembang. In that battle, Maulana Muhammad autumn.

Maulana Muhammad was later replaced by his son Abu'lmufakhir five-month-old. In running the government, assisted by Jayanegara Abu'lmufakhir. Abu'lmufakhir later replaced by Abu'ma'ali Ahmad Rahmatullah. Abu'ma'ali Ahmad Rahmatullah was replaced by Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (1651-1692).

Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa make Banten as an empire thrive. To help him, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa in 1671 raised purtanya, Sultan Abdulkahar, as a king's servant. However, the sultan who bear the title of Sultan Haji associated with the Dutch. Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa who do not like it was trying to take over control of government, but did not succeed because of the Sultan Haji supported by the Dutch. Finally, Break civil war. Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa caught and imprisoned. Thus, Banten gradually deteriorated because of marginalized by the Batavia under Dutch rule.

7.      Kingdom of Cirebon

Kingdom which is situated on the border between West Java and Central Java was founded by a member of Walisongo, Sunan Gunung Jati with a degree Sharif Hidayatullah. Sharif Hidayatullah forward for Cirebon. When Demak send troops under Fatahilah (Faletehan) to attack the Portuguese at Sunda Kelapa, Sharif Hidayatullah provide full assistance. Even in the year 1524, Fatahillah-law taken by Sharif Hidayatullah. After Fatahillah successfully expel the Portuguese from Sunda Kelapa, Sharif Hidayatullah ask Fatahillah to become regent in the White Rose. Sharif Hidayatullah was replaced by his son named Prince Pasarean. This is the king of kings Cirebon lowered further.

In 1679, Cirebon forced to split into two, namely Kasepuhan and Kanoman.
With the political impera de vide at the Dutch waged at that time was influential in Cirebon Sultanate Sultanate Kanoman divided into Kanoman and Kacirebonan. Thus, the power of Cirebon is divided into 3, namely Kasepuhan, Kanoman, and Kacirebonan. Cirebon successfully mastered the VOC at the end of the 17th century.

8.      Kingdom of Gowa-Tallo

Kingdom, located in South Sulawesi, is actually comprised of two jobs:
Gowa and Tallo. Both the kingdom was then united. King of Gowa, Daeng Manrabia, became king of the title of Sultan Alauddin and King of Tallo, Karaeng Mantoaya, became prime minister of the title of Sultan Abdullah. Because the central government located in Makassar, the Kingdom of Gowa and Tallo often referred to as the Kingdom of Makassar. Because of its strategic position between western and eastern Indonesia, the Kingdom of Gowa and Tallo became the main airport for East Indonesia, which entered the rich spices. Kingdom of Makassar has a formidable sailors mainly from the Bugis area. These are the strengthening of sea defense Makassar.

Famous king of this kingdom is the Sultan Hasanuddin (1653-1669).
Hasanuddin Makassar managed to expand the territory well into the top to Sumbawa and Flores in the southern part. Because it is a primary dealer to enter the East Indonesia, Hasanuddin Makassar aspire to make as a center of trade in Eastern Indonesia. This is a threat to the Netherlands so frequent fighting and robbery against the Dutch fleet. Holland then attacked with the help of Aru Palaka Makassar, Bone king. The Dutch managed to force Hasanuddin, The Roosters from the East Bongaya Treaty agreed in 1667. The contents of the agreement are: the Dutch have a monopoly of trade in Makassar, the Dutch may build fortresses in Makassar, Makassar have to let go of its colony, and Aru Palaka should be recognized as the King of Bone.

Sultan Hasanuddin was later replaced by Mapasomba. However, Mapasomba no longer in power because of Makassar and then occupied the Netherlands, even the entire South. Good life growing in Makassar influenced by Islamic law.
Economic life based on a maritime economy: trade and shipping. South Sulawesi itself is a fertile agricultural area. Taklukkannya areas in the southeast such as Selayar and Buton and in the south such as Lombok, Sumbawa, and Flores is also an area rich with natural resources. All that makes Makassar able to meet all his needs even able to export.
Because it has a tough sailors and is located at the entrance to the trade routes of Eastern Indonesia, was composed Ade'Allapialing Bicarana Pabbalri'e, a good trade and commercial law and a papyrus manuscript written by Amanna Gappa.

9.      Kingdom of Ternate and Tidore

Ternate is an Islamic empire in the east that was founded in the 13th century by the king Zainal Abidin (1486-1500). Zainal Abidin was a student of Sunan Giri in the Kingdom of Demak. Kingdom Tidore standing on the other islands by the Sultan Mansur as king. Kingdom, located in Eastern Indonesia the target of the merchant because of Maluku are rich in spices. Kingdom of Ternate fastest growing thanks to the results of spices, especially clove.

Tidore Ternate and peaceful coexistence. However, peace did not last forever. After the Portuguese and Spanish came to the Moluccas, both kingdoms had pitted sheep. As a result, between the two kingdoms there is competition. Portuguese who entered Maluku in Ternate in 1512 made as allies by building a fortress of Sao Paulo. Spain which entered the Moluccas in 1521 to make Tidore as allies. With the reign of the two European nations were in Tidore and Ternate, ongoing conflicts. It happened because the two nations both want monopolize the earth from the two kingdoms. On the other hand, it turns out that Europeans not only trade but also tried to spread the teachings of their religion. The spread of religion has been challenged by the King of Ternate, Sultan Khairun (1550-1570). When consulted by the Dutch at the fort of Sao Paulo, Sultan Khairun killed by the Portuguese.

Having realized that they were pitted against sheep, improved relations between the two kingdoms again. Sultan Khairun later replaced by Sultan Baabullah (1570-1583). In his reign, the Portuguese managed expelled from Ternate. The success was not independent of the Sultan Tidore assistance. Sultan Khairun also managed to expand the domain of Ternate to the Philippines.

Meanwhile, the Kingdom Tidore progress during the reign of Sultan Nuku. Nuku Sultan succeeded in expanding the influence Tidore to Halmahera, Seram, Kai and even in the south and Misol in Irian.

With the entry of Spanish and Portuguese to the Moluccas, religious life and society in Maluku so diverse: there are Catholic, Protestant, and Islamic. Islamic influence was felt in Ternate and Tidore. Protestant influence was felt in central Maluku and Catholic influences are felt around the southern Maluku. Maluku is the spice-producing areas are very popular even to Europe. That is the commodity that attracts people of Europe and Asia came to the archipelago. The merchants brought their goods and trade them with spices. The process was initially profitable trading community. However, with the enactment of the political monopoly of trade, there has been deterioration in many areas, including welfare of the community